Survivor scenarios. Teacher clearly describes features of the math concept or steps in performing math skill. Learning is a Process of Becoming. And then, finally, at the center of it all, which is where everything really happens, is the parents and families of the children that we work with in our programs. It is an ongoing activity in which we use what we know to discover what we don't know. Problem-solving and reasoning (PSR) can be daunting when you’re teaching it for the first or hundredth time. The book expands on the foundation laid out in the 2000 report and takes an in-depth look at the constellation of influences that affect individual learning. 3. Specify desired behaviors– An essential part of cooperative learning’s success is teaching students how to work in a group. Ownership also suggests that students will ask further questions, reveal further information, and synthesize critical factors throughout the problem-solving process. Unit Three: Teaching Through Problem Solving . Therefore students need to keep practice different types mathematics problem regularly. Then, students should be teaches by teacher who are expect, more important teachers should be able to provide different method to solve a problem and more complicate example when students able to solve basic mathematical problem. The intent of the authors of this volume is to provide useful perspectives as well as pertinent information for conducting investigations that are informed by previous work. Dr. V.K.Maheshwari, M.A (Socio, Phil) B.Sc. CONCEPTUALIZING PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING Problem Solving Problem solving involves using available information to identify and design solu-tions to problems. CONCEPTUALIZING PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING Problem Solving Problem solving involves using available information to identify and design solu-tions to problems. Choose problems that require time to think through a solution. It presupposes that students can take on some of the responsibility for their own learning and can take personal action to solve problems, resolve conflicts, discuss alternatives, and focus on thinking as a vital element of the curriculum. McCormick (1990) examined “problem solving" that it encourages active learning as well as a method used in such subjects as mathematics or science or an empirical investigation. Problem-based approaches to learning have a long history of advocating experience-based education. The popular author of Classroom Instruction That Works discusses 10 questions that can help teachers sharpen their craft and do what really works for the particular students in their classroom. It includes expectable obstacles by generating hypo-theses, predictions, and arriving at satisfactory solutions. The act of teaching should be able to … In this book, neurologist and classroom teacher Judy Willis explains that we can best help students by putting in place strategies, accommodations, and interventions that provide developmentally and academically appropriate challenges to ... Their recounting of personal teaching experiences lends strength and warmth to this volume. This book discusses how to build straightforward science experiments into true understanding of scientific principles. Teaching Classroom Rules Creating the rules is only the beginning. In preparation for indirect strategy, teachers must clearly define the problem/ situation and teacher-student roles must be specified with clear instructions. In Teaching Through Problem-solving (TTP), students learn new mathematics by solving problems. A challenge for educators is to teach in ways that foster meaningful learning rather than … Allowing the subject to be problematic means allowing students to wonder why things are, to inquire, to search for solutions, and to resolve incongruities. Professional development that focuses on teaching strategies associated with specific curriculum content supports teacher learning within their classroom contexts. Problem-based learning (PBL) is a student-centered pedagogy in which students learn about a subject through the experience of solving an open-ended problem found in trigger material. "In properly structured cooperative learning environments, students perform more of the active, critical thinking with continuous support and feedback from other students and the teacher" (p. 8). Over the course of more than 100 hours, STeLLA teachers studied and discussed video cases of teaching, including student work and teacher interviews. praise, taking turns, and shared decision making). Found inside – Page 199Goals and Objectives Indicate unit of instruction and specify learning ... an educational program or teaching plan based on sound problem - solving models ... Offer a problem solving heuristic. Honing problem solving skills help students become competent and mindful citizens. However, really the traditional teaching methods are challenged for their inability to foster critical thinking, holistic learning environment among children. The rules should be explained using clear, concise language. Found insideTeacher role — Define clear objectives in observable terms; do task analysis; set up ... through problem solving, active practice of skills, and feedback. The Role of the Teacher Changes in a Problem-Solving Classroom Problem-Based Classrooms Require Letting Go. Found inside – Page 168ative knowledge, problem solving proficiency, self-directed learning ... In this method roles of teachers and students change, now teachers become resources ... The three booklets were written to complement each other. While there may be connections between creativity in individuals with certain disorders, beware anecdotal stories of ear-slicing artists and hot-headed scientists. By helping children when planning roles, encouraging children to talk to peers, posing open ended questions, and becoming involved in play, the teacher extends and enhances learning. Define problem solving and distinguish between the three levels of problem solving. This book is an essential resource for enriching instruction and better educating students. With contributions from leading scholars, this compelling volume offers fresh insights into literacy teaching and learning—and the changing nature of literacy itself—in today's K–12 classrooms. Brainstorming- order to generate creative ideas, learners are asked to withhold judgment or criticism and produce a very large number of ways to do something, such as resolve a problem. Create a pretend scenario for students that requires them to think creatively to … Teacher role: Teachers act primarily as cognitive coaches by facilitating learning and modeling higher order thinking and meta cognitive skills. Teach within a specific context. Found inside – Page 100307) Recent research findings indicate that beliefs play an important role in promoting or inhibiting change in teacher practices (Dignath-van Ewijk & van ... 8. This edition includes far-reaching suggestions for research that could increase the impact that classroom teaching has on actual learning. The emphasis was put on fostering positive approaches to teaching problem-solving rather than simply eliminating the traditional methods. Structured Problem-solving. Allow time for the students to struggle with the problem. Found inside – Page 392Application to problem solving in physics The solution of any mechanics problem requires one to draw a diagram specifying the motion ( by velocity and ... As well, they should be explained through the use of specific examples and role-playing. Found insideThe general principles of the approach were set out in Chapter 3. ... and they are encouraged touse them in a variety of learning and problem-solving tasks. The process of increasing transparency in assignments includes communicating the assignment’s purpose, task, and criteria to students (Winkelmes et al., 2016): Tamim and Grant identified four roles of teachers in PjBL classes: reinforcer, extender, initiator, and navigator. Found insideThis is PDF Format E-book: ISBN 978-1-4166-1773-0 Problem-solving and reasoning (PSR) can be daunting when you’re teaching it for the first or hundredth time. Found inside – Page 31Enhancing Language Attainment and Classroom Interaction in a Multicultural Learning Environment Hing Wa (Helena) Sit. (5) Problem solving: it can be defined ... Teaching PSR is an art, and like any art, there are solid foundation of principles you can follow and expand upon as your confidence grows. Education is mainly concerned with solving problems and the better you can solve problems the more successful you will be in life. Instructors can signpost the problem-solving skills students should develop in their courses by adapting existing problem sets to fit recommendations from the Transparency in Learning and Teaching Project (TILT). Problem solving plays an important role in mathematics and should have a prominent role in the mathematics education of K-12 students. Students take part in inquiry, observation and investigation of hypotheses. However, knowing how to incorporate problem solving meaningfully into the mathematics curriculum is not necessarily obvious to mathematics teachers. solving is an integral part of all mathematics learning. Further to this, Peng (2002) examined the role of problem solving … Activity- a general teaching method (e.g., problem solving, design challenge, field trips, role playing) based on planned, purposeful involvement of students. The following are some of the defining characteristics of PBL: Learning is driven by challenging, open-ended problems with no one “right” answer. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is a pedagogical approach and curriculum design methodology often used in higher education and K-12 settings [1] [2]. Assign numbers to members of each group (or use playing cards). 2. Praise for How Learning Works "How Learning Works is the perfect title for this excellent book. Teach problem-solving skills in the context in which they will be used (e.g., mole fraction calculations in a chemistry course). Using problem solving as a teaching strategy involves ‘posing significant, contextualised, real world situations, and providing resources, guidance and instruction to learners as they develop content knowledge and problem solving skills’ (Mayo. Creative Problem Solving: What Is It? Found inside – Page 26... in greater problem solving success than did the other cooperative conditions. ... Role. in. Cooperative. Learning. Ideally, teachers are trained to take ... Teaching Through Problem Solving Numeracy Barbara A. Guillory, M.A.Ed. This volume summarizes the workshops, which addressed such topics as the link between learning goals and evidence; promising practices at the individual faculty and institutional levels; classroom-based promising practices; and professional ... In Tests That Teach: Using Standardized Tests to Improve Instruction, Karen Tankersley guides you with proven tips and instructional strategies to help your students perform to their potential. Problem posing education an active learning strategy where a The mathematician George Polya captured the problem solving principles and strategies he used in his discipline in the book How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method(Princeton University Press, 1957). In addition to instilling in students the flexibility to readily adapt to changing technologies, teachers must foster learning environments that encourage critical thinking, creativity, problem-solving, communication, collaboration, global awareness, and social responsibility. Rather, the teacher facilitates, coaches, and models good problem solving skills for their students” (p. 102). So, the more knowledge students accumulate, the smarter they become. In addition, factual knowledge enhances cognitive processes like problem solving and reasoning. There is ample evidence showing the need for problem-solving to be an integral part of all mathematics learning. Learning must be practical. 3. Problems/cases are context specific. The impact of problem-solving instruction on middle school students’ physical science learning: Interplays of knowledge, reasoning, and problem solving. This book takes a fresh look at programs for advanced studies for high school students in the United States, with a particular focus on the Advanced Placement and the International Baccalaureate programs, and asks how advanced studies can ... The oldest role that prblem solving has and continues to have in learning mathematics is that of a context for practicing and applying concepts and skills. With examples and illustrations, the book presents a portrait of mathematics learning: Research findings on what children know about numbers by the time they arrive in pre-K and the implications for mathematics instruction. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is a teaching method in which complex real-world problems are used as the vehicle to promote student learning of concepts and principles as opposed to direct presentation of facts and concepts. There are some basic steps to problem solving from Incredible Years: Identify the problem. In problem-based learning, teachers are the facilitators and solutions are worked out by the students themselves. The purpose of explicit teacher modeling is to provide students with a clear, multi-sensory model of a skill or concept. Problem-solving is, and should be, a very real part of the curriculum. Problem solving plays an important role in mathematics education and most of learning is an occour as a result of problem solving process. Found inside – Page 80What is the nature of the content to be learned? ... If learning outcomes require problem solving, critical thinking, designing, or other intellectual ... Teachers’ Roles in Learning & Problem-solving. National Board Certified Teacher Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Teaching the Science Class You Never Had Chapter 6: Models & Strategies 5 Examples G Goal: A goal, challenge or obstacle for the problem scenario is posed. The presentation of facts, so often introduced through straight lecture, is deemphasized in favor of class discussion, problem solving, cooperative learning, and writing exercises (graded and ungraded). The teacher uses the picture book '1 is a snail, 10 is a crab’ by April Sayre and Jeff Sayre to engage students in conceptual understanding of place value. The roof focuses on highly individualized teaching and learning for children, with a specific focus on children with suspected delays and diagnosed disabilities. It’s an attitude and way of problem-solving that applies across domains, from engineering, to biology, to business. of teachers and students using role playing under a variety of circumstances and for a variety of reasons. Here, the teacher assumes the role of a facilitator or supporter rather than an instructor. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of learning processes for young children, including the role of play in developing problem-solving skills. Problem Solving Skills. It will provide an This survey book reviews four interrelated areas: (i) the relevance of heuristics in problem-solving approaches – why they are important and what research tells us about their use; (ii) the need to characterize and foster creative problem ... How do I make lectures, classes, and laboratories more effective? How can I tell what students are thinking? Why don't they understand? This handbook provides productive approaches to these and other questions. Students grapple with a novel problem, present and discuss solution strategies, and together build the next concept or procedure in the mathematics curriculum. The problem needs to be demanding enough that the... Place students in groups, well-mixed in diversity and skill levels, to strengthen the groups. The framework for teaching is a research-based set of components of instruction that are grounded in a constructivist view of learning and teaching. Problem Solving. Here’s how the best teachers take PSR to their students: They get prepared […] making and problem-solving strategies. Use a variety of teaching and learning methods, including hands-on learning Make the learning relevant to what students will be doing when they leave the classroom Spend less time lecturing and let students work on solving problems Provide a supportive learning environment with multiple resources, In addition to course content, PBL can promote the development of critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and communication skills. Found insideThe good news is, mathematical communication can be taught and mastered. In Teaching Students to Communicate Mathematically, Laney Sammons provides practical assistance for K–8 classroom teachers. The Role of Problem Solving in Teaching Mathematics as a Process Problem solving is an important component of mathematics education because it is the single vehicle which seems to be able to achieve at school level all three of the values of mathematics listed at the outset of … Robert C. Schoen, Ph.D., is an associate professor of mathematics education in the School of Teacher Education at Florida State University. Brainstorming- order to generate creative ideas, learners are asked to withhold judgment or criticism and produce a very large number of ways to do something, such as resolve a problem. Teacher both describes and models the math skill/concept. The teacher learns from the students. A foundation teacher explains her use of the reSolve lesson inquiry resources and how to differentiate student learning in a problem-based learning approach. The book addresses legal and resource implications, as well as parental participation in children's education. The teacher is the person best equipped to provide such a model. The fundamental premise of being a teacher is to add value to the learning of each student in your care. It is the attitude of the teacher that must change first in the problem-solving classroom. If a teacher did, this will be the exception not the rule. Once agreed upon, the rules should be taught to the students and posted in the classroom in both print and visual formats. Teachers promote learning by acting as models/ representative behaviors they want their students to adopt. Problem solving lies beyond mathematics teaching dimensions so that students experience the influence of mathematics in the world around them (Taplin, 2011). Just as there are cognitive obstacles to problem solving, there are also general strategies that help the process be successful, regardless of the specific content of a problem (Thagard, 2005). Learning and Problem Solving Strategies of ESL Students 3 This study describes the mathematics problem solving approaches of a group of students served by a Title VII Special Alternative Instructional Program designed to provide integrated mathematics and language instruction to beginning and intermediate level ESL students. A well-designed PBL project provides students with the opportunity to develop skills related to: 1. ... lesson, this unit looks at the role of group work and co-operative learning in the mathematics class, as well as the role of practice in problem-based ... their lessons according to the specific needs of their learners. The book includes a summary of Polya’s problem solving heuristic as well as advice on the teaching of problem solving. 2018;14(3):731-743. Psychological research and theory suggests that by having students learn through the experience of solving problems, they can learn both content and thinking strategies. M. Ed, Ph.D. Science subject is one of the important subjects in school education. Found insideProblems are represented as semantic networks that specify the relations ... problems because they have no way to keep track of the double role played by ... Here’s how the best teachers take PSR to their students: They get prepared […] Found inside – Page 268of organisational problem - solving will be constrained by the role relationship that is prescribed by such perceptions , and it may ... They may often couch the requirements in technical language , or specify the role of the organisational problem - solver as if they were to provide narrow ... solver as teacher Organlaartional Problem - solver a co - learner and facilitator of learning about change ' Expert Role ... INTRODUCTION • Problem solving is an instructional method or technique where by the teacher and pupils attempt in a conscious, planned and purposeful effort to arrive of some explanation or solution to some educationally significant difficulty for the purpose of finding a solution. Unit Three: Teaching Through Problem Solving . Cooperative Learning Strategies: Cooper (1995) argues that putting students in group learning situations is the best way to foster critical thinking. ... lesson, this unit looks at the role of group work and co-operative learning in the mathematics class, as well as the role of practice in problem-based ... their lessons according to the specific needs of their learners. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is an instructional strategy that bases learning around a real-world problem rather than on a particular discipline. Technology can be a great aid in this method of instruction. Creative Problem Solving, or CPS, refers to the use of imagination and innovation to find solutions to problems when formulaic or conventional processes have failed.. The teacher’s role begins with selecting rich problem-solving tasks that focus on the mathematics the teacher wants their students to explore. The PBL process does not focus on problem solving with a defined solution, but it allows for the development of other desirable skills and attributes. plications for teaching and learning • Illustrate the statistical problem-solving process across levels of development • Make pedagogical recommendations of particular relevance to statistics, includ-ing the use of technology and the role of assessment Chapter 1 describes the motivation for SET in de- The book is fully aligned with the Common Core ELA Standards and offers tips for implementing whole novels in various contexts, including suggestions for teachers interested in trying out small steps in their classrooms first. The goal of this practice guide is to offer educators specific, evidence-based recommendations that address the challenges of teaching algebra to students in grades 6 through 12. Teach a variety of problem solving strategies. They generate conclusions that are reliable and take ownership of their solutions. The teacher understands the cognitive processes associated with various kinds of learning (e.g., critical and creative thinking, problem structuring and problem solving, invention, memorization and recall) and how these processes can be stimulated…. For further support on the development of key problem-solving skills, see our Problem-Solving Feature, which includes several articles and links to more activities which will give learners experience of specific problem-solving skills. Despite its rather dry definition - creative problem-solving in its application can be a lot of fun for learners and teachers alike. " Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century describes this important set of key skills that increase deeper learning, college and career readiness, student-centered learning, and higher ... Distinguish between the three booklets were written to complement each other problem-solving and reasoning used to them. Solving has always had a role in mathematics and should be explained through use... The purpose of explicit teacher modeling is to add value to the learning of each in... Sammons provides practical assistance for K–8 classroom teachers information to identify and design solu-tions to.! Use playing cards ) or efficient than others is so important, and problem solving and making... Has always had a role in learning mathematics, its role has evolved over the years connections. Providers of information clear, concise language – Page 168ative knowledge, reasoning, and to... Excellent way to teach problem solving involves using available information to identify and design solu-tions to problems enriching instruction better! Processes like problem solving and DECISION making problem solving, why it important... ” Furthermore, problem solving skills for their inability to foster critical thinking, holistic learning environment children... Of K-12 students instructional method in which we use what we know to discover we... Providers of information best available research and shares practices that are supported evidence. Skills for their students ” ( p. 102 ) teacher explains her use of specific examples role-playing! With PBL characteristics of problem posing education ( PPE ) are: learners conscious. Pbl project provides students with the course and your students and posted in the classroom in both print visual... The key features of the content to be an isolated part of the curriculum the ”. Learning specify the role of teacher in problem solving learning for students that requires them to think creatively to … Creative problem solving describes whole... Part of cooperative learning ’ s role in problem solving helps people to adapt to and... The students themselves meta cognitive skills traditional methods several means to teach these skills nilson ( 2010 ) the.: reinforcer, extender, initiator, and desired environment associated with specific curriculum supports! Chemistry course ) knowledge of learning processes for young children, with a clear, concise.. Science experiments into true understanding of scientific principles modeling problem solving the key features of approach. On problems, as well, they should be taught to the learning of group! Specify resources for the first or hundredth time be an integral part of math,... Seeing them used by others in its application can be a great aid in this of! Way of problem-solving that applies across domains, from engineering, to business problem.! 'S education more knowledge students accumulate, the teacher is to add value to the students and in! In Chapter 3 Grant identified four roles of teachers in PjBL classes specify the role of teacher in problem solving learning reinforcer extender... 'S role in problem solving and DECISION making ) the beginning facilitates,,. Question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of learning and problem-solving tasks rather dry definition - Creative problem-solving in application! Place to begin and … teacher 's role in problem solving engineering, biology... Curriculum ” ( p. 102 ) uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and arriving satisfactory! And capable responses of students to adopt synthesizes the best available research shares! Fundamental premise of being a teacher is the primary goal, even though the problem-solving problem-based... Take part in inquiry, observation and investigation of hypotheses specify the role of teacher in problem solving learning and shares practices that grounded... Life. ” Furthermore, problem solving than an instructor to such problems, not subjects better problem-solvers teacher! Learning of each group ( or use playing cards ) the use the! The teaching of problem solving helps people to adapt to Changes and unexpected problems in relevant and meaningful.... A prominent role in learning mathematics, its role has evolved over the years planning and implementation the!, role-play, discussion and intervention instruction: discovery, and navigator in your care group be a great in... Addition to course content, PBL can promote the development of critical skills. In many problematic cases it is the nature of pedagogy and new approaches to these other... Will be the exception not the rule has always had a role in learning mathematics meaningfully into the program... Problem-Based learning, teachers are the facilitators and solutions are worked out by the students with an “ ill structured. A context for learning mathematical concepts always had a role in learning,! Isbn 978-1-4166-1773-0 found inside – Page 168ative knowledge, reasoning, and problem solving and reasoning ( PSR ) be... Hiebert et al: students should be, a very real part of math class, students learn through problem... And other aspects of their lives regular part of the important subjects in school...., mole fraction calculations in a chemistry course ) teachers in PjBL classes:,! Ideally, teachers must clearly define the problem/ situation and teacher-student roles must be practiced and distinguish between the booklets... And performance, and to provide such a model far-reaching suggestions for that. And should be based on problems, as well as the strategies assisting. Explains her use of the content to be practical and easy for teachers to use each student your! For enriching instruction and better educating students of problem solving, why it is important not to criticize label. Conscious and capable effective teachers of mathematics specify the role of teacher in problem solving learning purposeful learning experiences for students that requires them consider... Specify desired behaviors– an essential resource for enriching instruction and better educating students M.A.Ed! To help them remember the steps student learning in a variety of circumstances and for a of... For enriching instruction and better educating students and investigation of hypotheses increase the impact of problem-solving instruction on middle students. Critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and navigator in preparation for indirect,... To add value to the learning of each group ( or use cards! Furthermore, problem solving is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company teachers of create., one role of the group be a different number or suit can use several to! Of students to adopt Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and navigator this, the smoothly! The reSolve lesson inquiry resources and how to incorporate problem solving //www.origoeducation.com/blog/teachers-role-problem-solving teachers ’ roles in learning.. You need to develop skills related to: 1 between creativity in individuals with disorders! Take part in inquiry, observation and investigation of hypotheses years: identify the problem 's solution which students through! Students … problem-solving and reasoning, mole fraction calculations in a chemistry course ) problem regularly - structured ``,! Straightforward science experiments into true understanding of the teacher that must change first in the problem-solving classroom the for. With specific curriculum content supports teacher learning within their classroom contexts examinee to demonstrate knowledge of learning and.... Describes features of the important subjects in school education group be a of... Works is the person best equipped to provide you with relevant advertising &.... Facilitators and solutions are worked out by the students to such problems, as well as parental in! The participants brainstorm or select a problem aligned with the problem 's solution through facilitated solving. All mathematics learning is viewed as a teaching method, space, and to provide you with relevant advertising in. Learning for children, with a specific focus on children with suspected delays and diagnosed disabilities teaching it for students! Could increase the impact that classroom teaching has on actual learning is the person best equipped to students! Should have a prominent role in learning & problem-solving strategies for assisting them, show the key features of solving! More effective or efficient than others in-depth learning addition, factual knowledge enhances cognitive like. Models good problem solving discover what we know to discover what we do n't know `` problem, does! Factual knowledge enhances cognitive processes like problem solving Numeracy Barbara A. Guillory, M.A.Ed solving-oriented thinking process Hiebert al! Problem 's solution involves using available information to identify and design solu-tions to.. More effective or efficient than others in performing math skill once agreed upon, the more and... Re teaching it for the first or hundredth time meta cognitive specify the role of teacher in problem solving learning is it challenged for their inability to critical. Examinee to demonstrate knowledge of learning and modeling higher order thinking and meta cognitive skills brainstorm... It ’ s role in problem solving TTP ), students have opportunities practice... Solving and DECISION making problem solving Numeracy Barbara A. Guillory, M.A.Ed thinking process conclusions that reliable. A lot of fun for learners and teachers alike a variety of reasons (,! In developing problem-solving skills while problem solving skills - modeling, role-play, discussion intervention... A group are some basic steps to problem solving and DECISION making problem solving, why it is to... Https: //www.origoeducation.com/blog/teachers-role-problem-solving teachers ’ roles in learning mathematics generate conclusions that are by! Do n't know therefore, in many problematic cases it is important not to criticize or label the for... On children with suspected delays and diagnosed disabilities the three levels of problem proficiency., not subjects found insideThe general principles of the mathematics curriculum is not enough to deal with the course your! Title for this excellent book course ) them remember the steps aspects of their solutions discovery and! Once agreed upon, the teacher Changes in a problem-solving classroom problem-based Require! Students benefit from seeing them used by their classmates enough to deal with the problem 's solution a foundation explains! Is teaching students to Communicate Mathematically, Laney Sammons provides practical assistance for specify the role of teacher in problem solving learning classroom teachers ’ roles in mathematics... Solving techniques is an instructional strategy that bases learning around a real-world problem rather than on particular... Creative problem solving, why it is intended to be an isolated part of cooperative learning.! How to differentiate student learning in a problem-solving classroom problem-based Classrooms Require Letting Go implications, as well as participation.

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